COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
3-D GEOMETRICAL MODELING AND VISUALIZATION

ARCH 2710 FALL 2024
https://web.arch.virginia.edu/arch2710

UPDATE 10.31.24

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

STUDENT INSTRUCTIONAL ASSISTANTS (SIAs, Please See UVA Canvas for more details, including email addresses)
Patrick Lins
Emma Lohr
Brandon Meinders
Matthew Rusten
Talley Sublett
Sean Theil

CLASS MEETING LOCATIONS
Discussion Sessions/Workshops,Campgell 105
Lectures, Campbell 153

The workshop/discussion sessions will begin on Tuesday, August 27 in computer classroom Campbell 105. A personal laptop is not necessary.
The first meeting of the class as a whole is on Thursday, August 29th, at 5 pm in Campbell 153.

OFFICE HOURS & COMMUNICATIONS
Office Hours Signups will be posted on Canvass for Earl Mark and the Student Instructional Assistants.
Communication WIll Be Handled Through The Canvass Messaging System _ Please Turn Notifications On For ARCH 2710

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STAFF HELPREPORT FORM
Problem Report Form: https://arch-web.arch.virginia.edu/it_request

OVERVIEW

ARCH 2710 is a hands-on course in three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD), geometrical modeling, and visualization. The class follows a case study method, exploring the quantitative basis and the hidden geometrical order of forms found in architecture and nature. Topics are presented sequentially, beginning with foundational concepts and progressing to state-of-the-art technology.

Students will learn to create 3D forms using a variety of design and visualization methods, including core CAD methods and procedural descriptions. These approaches were traditionally unified by Descriptive Geometry, a system of projective geometry on 2D traditional paper based media. However, they were revolutionized by Ivan Sutherland’s pioneering 1963 Sketchpad system. * This system also introduced concepts like parametric variation, instantiation, and constraints—paradigms that we will cover that remain central to today’s advanced systems. The goal for the end of the fall term is for students to be able to fully apply these creatively in their own speculative design explorations.

Architecture students will conduct case studies reconstructing geometry in both the built and natural environment, incorporating simulations of light, energy, and materials. Non-architecture students can choose between architectural or non-architectural geometrical analysis, aligned with their academic focus, in consultation with their SIA (TA) and instructor

Throughout the semester, we will examine sequences of assembly, spatial organization, materiality, light interaction, and other physical properties. An intuitive and visual vector algebra will be used to adapt methods of projective descriptive geometry for computational purposes. We will also explore associative geometrical modeling that links a series of objects' stages of evolving geometry together through symbolic graphs (using Grasshopper or other procedural based descriptions) where each such stage can be revisited and modified.

Lastly, we will leverage modern dynamic visualization tools to explore 3D techniques, including animation, simulation, and dynamic perspective projection.

* Learn more about Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad.

FORMAT

A larger group class meeting will be held every 2 to 3 weeks on Thursdays from 5 pm to 5:45 pm or 6:15 pm. Primary hands on instruction will occur in a discussion session/hands-on workshop group that meets twice weekly in a computer equipped classroom Campbell 105 (see the Student Information System (SIS) for your personal discussion session scheduling details). The workshops combine group and individual instruction with access to both physical and virtual workstations loaded with all the software we will use in the course.

The lectures provide a theoretical and conceptual framework, describe current and speculate on emerging technologies that drive the evolution of the technology. In parallel the workshop venue is more intensively focused on specific hands-on techniques of computer based 3D geometrical modeling, digital terrain modeling and visualization. They include photo-realistic and abstract methods of rendering, image-processing, color-manipulation, photo-montage, light energy, athmosphic and materials simulation, animation, and export of data for combined media applications. In addition, we explore associative geometrical modeling through building a directed symbolic form of graphics programming (Grasshopper) that can optionally be integrated with a macro programming language (e.g., Python).

Computer resources are available in Campbell Hall on a 24 hour basis subject to limits that may be reimposed as occured during the recent pandemic. Students from programs outside of the School of Architecture will be given building access through a university ID swipe card system that is located at a few key entrances to the building. In addition Virtual Computer workstations are also available to students in the course from their personal computers over the Inernet on a 24 hour basis

SOFTWARE

Computer workstations, both physical and virtual, are available 24/7 through the School of Architecture. The software we use can be accessed online at no cost from your personal computer by logging into a Virtual Computer system, which requires installing free VMWare software. The main software includes Rhino 8.0 with plugins for Grasshopper, Python for Grasshopper, V-Ray, and additional third-party programs for human form generation, video editing, and specialized visualization. Rhino 8.0 is installed on all physical Windows computers in the school’s labs and classrooms, as well as on the school's Virtual Computer system. However, for unlimited access, you will need to install Rhino 8.0 on your personal computer. More details will be provided on the first day of class.

Rhino 8.0 for Windows can be purchased online from Cavalier Computers at the UVA Bookstore for $95.00. Rhino is the only required purchase for the class and generally needed for coursework in the School of Architecture. Additionally, Chaos Group offers V-Ray for Rhino 8.0 at a discounted educational price that you may want to consider. ((https://www.chaosgroup.com/education/students).

Additional free software can be downloaded by following instructions on the School of Architecture’s website (https://www.arch.virginia.edu/resources/software-resources). For ARCH 2710, please wait until we cover this technology in the workshops before downloading any of this additional software.

Here's short summary of the key software we will engage for the semester.

    Required academic license -
        Rhino 8.0 -  (purchase at special price at Cavalier Computers and also see http://www.rhino3d.com/)

    Strongly Recommended academic license (stay tuned for an update on special academic pricing and do not purchase this beforehand) -
        V-Ray 6 Plugin For Rhino (https://www.chaosgroup.com)
 
    Free Open Source Academic Licenses:
        MakeHuman
        GIMP (a no cost alternative to Adobe Photoshop)
        OpenShot (a no cost alternative to Adobe Premiere)
  

REQUIREMENTS

The exercises in the class are cumulative in technique and lead to a final project. The first five exercises count for 10% of the grade each. The final project counts for 40% of the grade. Class participation through regular attendance in lecture and the workshops, email and additional consultation with your SIA as required on exercises counts towards 10% of the grade. We follow a case study method that is based on an individual choice of a precedent based study.

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE ADDENDUM ON ACADEMIIC STANDARDS

Please see this statement developed through the Office of the Associate Dean of Academics within the School of Architecture. These standards are required of syllabi within the School and are applicable to ARCH 2710.

CLASS PARTICIPATION, ATTENDANCE AND HEALTH

This is an in-person course. Your presence and active participation is important to creating the most effective, incrementally sequenced and coherent learning experience. Full attendance to all workshops and lectures is required. Excusable absences are allowed only as permitted as determined by  UVA policies . They should be communicated to the course instructor and your SIA. Apart from excusable absences, missing a significant number of classes can result in a failing grade. Please communicate any expected absenses in advance if possible. Let Earl Mark and your Student Instructor Assistant know of any potential difficulties you are having so that we can provide tutorial support and accommodations as soon as possible.

In 2024 our personal and learning circumstances may be different than they were prior to the Covid-19 epidemic. The expectation is to remain flexible if needed. Please note the school-wide caveat that "consistent in-person attendance in classes is a vital part of the educational process and is expected throughout the semester. At the University of Virginia, students are expected to accept the responsibility of attending classes in-person on a prompt and dependable basis." According to curent recommended guidelients, two or more unexcused absences will have a direct impact on your overall evaluation for the course and likley result in a half-letter grade reduction. On the one hand, a pattern of unexcused absences is likley to seriously hinder achievement in the class given the sequential nature of the learning process. On the other hand, the course materials do not assume prior knowlege, but are paced to provide ample opportunity to occasionally make mistakes and catchup, which is part of a the calculated timetable for gaining proficiency and deepening your understanding of the subject.

The class is committed to maintaining a healthy and equitable environment for all of us by respecting and making room for differences in how we approach learning. Although we are a large class, we hope to encourage more individual case study project choices that give more license to students to be motivated by what interests them and workshop methodology and office hours that allow you maximize ndividual support through direct mentorship by SIAs

Switching discussion session time-slots for a few special occasions with permission of the instructor is possible under extenuating circumstances. The class uses a system of continous assesment throughout the semester that aims to not penalize lack of experience or lack of initial understanding but is focused more on cumulative results and growth.

Your health and well-being are also a priority. Please take the time to care for yourself.  The university asks that if you are ill or expect that you have been exposed to COVID-19, please stay home, notify the primary course instructor, and contact the Student Health and Wellness Center (434-924-5362) so that you can receive appropriate care. 

INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT

UVA is attempting to expand its teaching to the reality that students bring many diverse experiences to the classroom. Social and gender identify, visible and invisible disabilities, family circumstances, mental health, and access to the Internet may influence learning. One way to meet this challenge is to create an environment that supports your individual learning needs and encourages you to communicate and find a receptive sounding board for your ideas. For example, the choice of a case study in this class is not limted to a restricted or approved list. On the one hand it will need to satisfy some criterion for sufficient documentation of source material and type of geometry that lends itself to the exercises we undertake. On the other hand, it need not be constrained by cultural or national context or geographical setting. The class is committed to your freedom to fit the assigngments to your ideas and to the importance to you of what you choose to explore.

There are also newly recognized challenges to educators to more completely respond to the diffent personal histories students bring to the classroom. To support your learning, you are invited to help the SIAs and course instructor be more responsive to any unique situations that you may be experiencing. We hope to establish more individually focused tutorials and dialog where possible in the context of a large class that has a common set of objectives. To help reach this goal will likely require your active particpation and feedback with respect to what is being taught , how it is delivered and what is understood.

Finally, the university admits undocumented students, students from mixed-status families, and students with Temporary Protected Status. All UVA students, including students of varied immigration statuses, are welcomed in this class. If your personal situation is impacting your success in the course, please come see me to discuss things that I can do to accommodate you. We will proceed with the assumption that a better enabled person has the potential to enrich their learning experience and the learning experience for everyone, SIAs and instructor included.

TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT

If you need assistance using any of the tools for our class, the SIAs and I happy to work with you and enoucrage you to attend office hours for any of the SIAs, not just the one who is assigned to menoring you, and the course instructor. You can also find resources for each below:

• Canvass System
• Zoom Support For OnLine Office Hours
• ITS Help Desk (chat, email, online).
• School of Architecture IT Request form (e.g, virtual workstation, classes server, internal resources).

Schedule

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following citations are for optional reading, unless otherwise noted in class. Some of these materials will be placed on reserve in the fine arts library.

Training Guides and Documentation

Rhino 6 Training Guide (free from McNeel)   https://www.rhino3d.com/download/Rhino/6.0/training-level-1
Rhino Help Index (free from McNeel) https://docs.mcneel.com/rhino/8/help/en-us/index.htm
Rhino 8.0 New Features (free from McNeel) https://docs.mcneel.com/rhino/8/help/en-us/commandlist/newinrhino8.htm
Chaos Group, V-Ray for Rhino Overview and Docs, 2021
Schultze, David, Rhino 7 Linked In Introducing Rhino 7 (video training availble on grounds or through VPN at UVA)
Schultze, David, Rhino 7 Linked In Essential Traning Rhino 7 (video training availble on grounds or through VPN at UVA)
Schultze, David, Rhino 5 Linked In Essential Traning Rhino 5 (video training availble on grounds or through VPN at UVA, includes topics not incorporated into Essential Training Rhino 7)
Schultze, David, Rndering Fundamentals with Rhino and V-Ray. Linked In Rendering Fundamentals with Rhino and V-Ray (older V-Ray version) (video training availble on grounds or through VPN at UVA)

Books

Negroponte, Nicholas, Being Digital. Published by Hodder & Stoughton, 1995.
Negroponte, Nicholas (editor), Computer Aides to Design and Architecture. Published by Petrocelli/Charter, 1975. (Read chapters by Gero, Steward, Sutherland).

Articles and Papers

Dreyfus, Hubert and Stuart. Why Computers May Never Think like People, Technology Review. M.I.T., January 1985, pp. 42 - 80.
Eastman, Chuck, Fundamental Problems in the Development of Computer Based Architectural Models, Proceedings of the Computers & Design Research Symposium, M.I.T., August 4, 1986.
Greenberg, Donald, A True Design Tool, Architectural Record. September 1984, pp. 150 - 159.
Kvan, Thomas, Mark, Earl,Oxman,Rivka, and Martins, Bob, Ditching the Dinosaur: Redefining the Role of Digital Media in Education, International Journal of Design Computing, June 2003 .
Mark, E , Woodbury R. (Senior Editors), Built Environment, Architectural Theory and Computer Aided Architectural Design, International Journal of Architectural Compuing, Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / June 2011 (accessible via UVA Library subscription on-line or can be purchased).
Mark, E , Woodbury R. (Senior Editors), Built Environment, Architectural Theory and Computer Aided Architectural Design, International Journal of Architectural Compuing, Issue Volume 8, Number 3 / September 2010 (accessible via UVA Library subscription on-line or can be purchased).
Mark, E., Martens, B. and Oxman, R,, Preliminary Stages of CAAD Education, Automation in Construction.Volume 12, Issue 6, November 2003, Pages 661-670
Mark, E., Martens, B. and Oxman, R, 2001, The Ideal Computer Curriculum, Architectural Information Management: eCAADe Helsinki, pp. 168-175.
Mark, Earl (2007), Simulating Dynamic Forces in Design with Special Effects Tools, Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 219-226
Mark, Earl,: 2000, A Prospectus on Computers Throughout the Curriculum, Promise and Reality: eCAADe Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, pp. 77-83.
Mark, Earl, Reconstructing Architectural Geometry, Architectural Research Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, England, March 1999
Mark, Earl, The Physical and Conceptual Assembly of Architectural Form,in Cinema & Architecture, 1997, BFI Press, England.
Mark, Earl, A Design Automation Paradox, Conceptual Modeling of Buildings, CIB Proceedings, CIB W74 + W78 Seminar, Publication 126, C M Gruppen, Stockholm Sweden, 1990, ISBN 91 -7332-557-0.
Mark, Earl, Case Studies in Moviemaking and Computer Aided Design, in The Electronic Design Studio. (Edited by McCullough, Mitchell and Purcell), M.I.T. bss 1990.
Mark, Earl, Architecture In Motion in Computers in Architecture. (Edited by FranÙois Penz), Longman 1992.
Mitchell, William and Stiny George. The Palladian Grammar, Environment and Planning B. May 1978, 5 - 18.
Schmertz, Mildred F., A New Museum by Walter Netsch, Architectural Record. January 1980.